"Flare Observations"
by
Arnold O. Benz
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Abstract
1
Introduction
1.1
Detection and definition
1.2
Brief history of flare observations
1.3
The phases of flares
1.4
The big picture
1.5
Organization of review
2
Energy Release in a Coupled Solar Atmosphere
2.1
Flares and photospheric field configuration
2.2
Geometry of hard X-ray emissions
2.3
Return current
2.4
Neupert effect
2.5
Standard flare model
2.6
Evaporation of chromospheric material
2.7
Deviations from standard flare model
3
Flare Geometry
3.1
Geometry of the coronal magnetic field
3.2
Coronal hard X-ray sources
3.3
Intermediate thin-thick target coronal sources
3.4
Location of particle acceleration
3.5
Energetic ions
3.6
Thermal flare
4
Energy Budget
4.1
Non-thermal electron energy
4.2
Thermal energy
4.3
Energy in waves
4.4
Other energies
4.5
Energy input into the corona
5
Signatures of Energy Release
5.1
Coronal hard X-ray signatures
5.2
Soft-hard-soft behavior in hard X-rays
5.3
Radio emissions from the acceleration region
6
Acceleration Processes
6.1
Electron acceleration theories
6.2
Comparing theories with observations
7
Conclusions
8
Acknowledgements
References
Footnotes
Figures
Tables
