The dynamic processes associated with the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling processes can
have significant effects in the near-Earth space environment, in the atmosphere, and on the Earth’s surface
(Lanzerotti, 2001a). As our lives have become increasingly dependent on technological systems that
are vulnerable to electromagnetic disturbances and bombardment by energetic electrons and
ions, understanding these processes is important both for the design and maintenance of these
systems. Figure 22
graphically illustrates the chain of events leading to space weather effects on
ground.
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